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Capital punishment in Japan
Capital punishment is legal in Japan. The only crimes for which capital punishment is statutory are murder, treason, offences against the state (substantially treason, but applicable to non-Japanese nationals), and serious acts of violence resulting in death (including arson, unauthorised use of explosive, wilful derailment of trains, tampering with the water supply, hijacking, and piracy). The general rule that applies to this last category of capital offences is that of transferred malice: whether the target of the crime died or an innocent by-stander, the crime is still capital. However, no successful capital prosecutions of any of these crimes, with the sole exception of murder, have occurred since the end of World War II.
Between 1946 and 1993, Japanese courts sentenced 766 people to death (including a small number from China, South Korea and Indonesia), 608 of whom were executed. The vast majority of death sentences are imposed in cases of multiple murders.〔Charles Lane – 〕
==History==
Beginning in about the 4th century, Japan became increasingly influenced by the Chinese judicial system, and gradually adopted a system of different punishments for different crimes, including the death penalty. However, beginning in the Nara period, cruel punishments and the death penalty were used less and less, likely as a result of the influence of Buddhist teachings, and the death penalty was phased out completely in the Heian period. The death penalty was not used for the next 300 years, until the Genpei War. During the following Kamakura period, capital punishment was widely used and methods of execution became increasingly cruel, and included burning, boiling and crucifixion, among many others. During the Muromachi period, even harsher methods of execution came into use, such as upside down crucifixion, impalement by spear, sawing, and dismemberment with oxen or carts. Even minor offences could be punished by death, and family members and even neighbours could be punished along with the offender. These harsh methods, and liberal use of the death penalty, continued throughout the Edo period and into the early Meiji period, but due to the influence of Confucianism, offences against masters and elders were increasingly punished much more harshly than offences against those of lower rank. Torture was used to extract confessions. In 1871, as the result of a major reform of the penal code, the number of crimes punishable by death was decreased and excessively cruel torture and flogging were abolished. In 1873, another revision resulted in a further reduction in the number of crimes punishable by death, and methods of execution were restricted to beheading or hanging.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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